F.Sc. Biology Book2, CH 15; Homeostasis
F.Sc. Biology Book2, CH 16; Support and Movement
F.Sc. Biology Book2, CH 17 Coordination and Control
F.Sc. Biology Book1, CH 2; Biological Molecules
F.Sc. Biology Book2, CH 25; Ecosystem
This chapter covers: Introduction; Ecosystem; Biosphere; Autecology; synecology Biotic and Abiotic componentsa and interaction between them; Food Web Succession; Predation and its significance; Parasitism and its significance Symbiosis; Mutualism; Commensalism; Grazing; Biogeochemical cycles Flow of energy in food chain of an ecosystem
F.Sc. Biology Book2, CH 19; Growth and Development
F.Sc. Biology Book2, CH 22; Variation and Genetics
This chapter covers: Genes; Alleles; Gene pool; Mendle laws of inheritance; Test cross; Dihybrid cross; Dominance relations; Multiple alleles; Epistesi; Pleiotropy Continuously varying traits; Gene linkage; Crossing over; Sex determination in plants and animals Sex linkage; X-linked recessive and dominant traits; Sex limited traits Sex influenced traits; Diabetes mellitus and its genetic basis
F.Sc. Biology Book2, CH 20; Chromosomes and DNA
This chapter covers: Types and composition of chromosomes; Chromosomal theory of inheritance; DNA as heriditary material; Chemical nature of DNA; DNA model; DNA replication What is a gene?; How DNA encodes protein structure?; Cells use RNA to make protein RNA and its types; Translation; Mutations
F.Sc. Biology Book2, CH 21; Cell Cycle
This chapter covers: Introduction; Interphase; Mitosis; Importance of mitosis Cancer (uncontrolled cell division); Meiosis; Importance of meiosis Meiotic errors (non-disjuncitons); Necrosis and Apoptosis
F.Sc. Biology Book2, CH 26; Some Major Ecosystems
This chapter covers: Climate; Aquatic of Hydrospheric Ecosystem; Productivity of Aquatic Ecosystem Intervention of man in aquatic environment; Terrestrial ecosystem Adaptations and Divisio of terrestrial ecosystem; Some major ecosytems in Pakistan